Kritik Sosial dalam Cerpen “Seribu Kunang-Kunang di Manhattan” Karya Umar Kayam: Kajian Sosiologi Sastra
Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk-bentuk kritik sosial yang terdapat dalam cerpen Seribu Kunang-Kunang di Manhattan karya Umar Kayam dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologi sastra. Cerpen tersebut menggambarkan kehidupan manusia modern yang berada dalam lingkungan urban dengan berbagai persoalan sosial yang kompleks. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode analisis isi (content analysis). Sumber data penelitian adalah cerpen Seribu Kunang-Kunang di Manhattan karya Umar Kayam yang terdapat dalam kumpulan cerpen dengan judul yang sama. Data penelitian berupa kutipan-kutipan teks yang mengandung unsur kritik sosial yang disampaikan melalui dialog tokoh, narasi pengarang, serta penggambaran latar cerita. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi pustaka dan teknik baca-catat, sedangkan analisis data dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasikan, dan menafsirkan data berdasarkan perspektif sosiologi sastra. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cerpen tersebut mengandung beberapa bentuk kritik sosial yang berkaitan dengan kehidupan masyarakat modern, yaitu kritik terhadap keterasingan manusia modern, kritik terhadap rapuhnya relasi sosial dalam kehidupan urban, kritik terhadap hilangnya nilai-nilai kehidupan tradisional, serta kritik terhadap kesepian yang dialami individu dalam kehidupan kota besar. Melalui penggambaran tokoh Marno dan Jane serta latar kehidupan kota Manhattan, Umar Kayam menghadirkan gambaran kehidupan modern yang dipenuhi oleh keterasingan emosional, hubungan sosial yang tidak stabil, serta kerinduan terhadap kehidupan yang lebih sederhana dan manusiawi. Dengan demikian, cerpen ini tidak hanya menghadirkan kisah personal antara tokoh-tokohnya, tetapi juga menjadi media refleksi dan kritik terhadap kondisi sosial masyarakat modern yang semakin individualistis.
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